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Pests & disease

Prevention and integrated management. 36 practices across 12 crops.

Summary of cited sources. TERAknow summarises published guidance from the sources linked on each page. Recommendations are general, not guaranteed: results depend on your soil, climate and variety, so confirm with local extension staff or an agronomist before acting.

Banana · Pisang

Full banana guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Keep Fusarium wilt TR4 out with farm hygiene

    TR4 lives in soil for many years and no fungicide controls it. The defence is keeping infected soil, water and plants off the farm.

    Technical detail
    • Clean soil off vehicles, tools and footwear; use disinfectant footbaths at farm entries. Quaternary ammonium products work for tools.
    • Do not share machinery between farms, and limit visitors to affected blocks.
    • Divert surface runoff away from healthy blocks.
    • Resistant varieties are the most effective long-term measure once the disease is in an area.
    Regions
    Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Banana guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Contain infected plants without spreading soil

    Confirm the diagnosis, then kill and destroy infected plants in place while disturbing the soil as little as possible.

    Technical detail
    • Symptoms: yellowing from the margins of older leaves, a skirt of collapsed leaves, and brown, red or yellow rings inside the pseudostem.
    • Destroy the plant and its suckers on site without chopping it up. Fence the spot and ditch around it to stop runoff.
    • Do not replant a susceptible variety there. Monitor nearby plants every two weeks.
    • FAO suggests a quarantine of at least 1.5 years with clean fallow in an infected zone.
    Regions
    Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Banana guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Shooting & bunch

    Bag the bunch and remove the male bud early against blood disease

    Blood disease bacteria are carried by bees, flies and wasps that visit the male flowers. Removing the male bud and bagging the bunch cuts this route.

    Technical detail
    • Pacific Pests, Pathogens and Weeds: remove the male bud immediately after the last hand emerges, using a forked stick rather than a knife.
    • Bag the inflorescence after it emerges. Bags can come off after fruit set once the male bud is removed.
    • BRIN's Indonesia report lists bagging and debudding, disease-free planting material and removing infected plants as the recommended measures. Chemical control is not recommended.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Banana guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Clean tools and remove infected plants with their neighbours

    Knives, infected suckers and soil spread blood disease between plants and farms. Hygiene and fast removal of sick plants limit spread.

    Technical detail
    • Clean tools with household bleach diluted 1 part to 3 parts water, and clean soil off footwear (Pacific Pests, Pathogens and Weeds).
    • Check plants often. Remove diseased plants, their suckers and their immediate neighbours. Chop or kill them and burn the dried material on site, including infected fruit.
    • The bacterium can survive in soil and plant remains for over a year. The same guide suggests leaving the site fallow for 18 months without weeds, or under a cover crop such as Mucuna.
    • Never take suckers from an infected mat, and do not plant downhill or downwind of diseased plots.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Banana guide

Chili · Cabai

Full chili guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Monitor with traps before spraying

    Sticky traps show when thrips and whiteflies build up, and methyl eugenol traps catch male fruit flies. Spray only registered products, and only when monitoring shows a need.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa: 40 blue, white or yellow sticky traps per hectare, re-oiled weekly.
    • Methyl eugenol traps: 40 per hectare from two weeks after planting, refreshed every two weeks.
    • Main pests: thrips, aphids, mites, fruit borers, fruit flies and whiteflies.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Flowering & fruit set

    Manage anthracnose with sanitation and rotation

    Anthracnose thrives around 27°C with humidity above 80%. Pick off and destroy infected fruit, control weeds and volunteer plants, and rotate away from the pepper family.

    Technical detail
    • Do not replant chili where the last crop was diseased; leave a 3 year gap and avoid tomato and eggplant in the rotation.
    • If a fungicide is needed, protective sprays (for example mancozeb or a copper product) start at flowering.
    • Resistant lines exist, but test them locally because the fungus strains vary between sites.
    Regions
    Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Plant resistant varieties against bacterial wilt; rogue virus plants

    Bacterial wilt has no effective chemical control, so variety choice and well-drained land are the main defences. Pull and destroy plants showing virus symptoms.

    Technical detail
    • Sarawak names local wilt-resistant varieties; Indonesian equivalents still to be added.
    • Removing virus-infected plants early reduces the source for insects to spread.
    Regions
    Widely applicable
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Plan for whitefly and yellow leaf curl virus in humid highlands

    Do not assume highlands are free of virus. In one Lampung comparison, whitefly and yellow virus were serious in the highland site and absent in the lowland site.

    Technical detail
    • BPTP Lampung recorded 60% whitefly attack and 60% yellow virus in highland Sukau, against none found at the lowland site. Anthracnose was 30% in the highland and 25% in the lowland.
    • Yellow leaf curl is a whitefly-spread geminivirus; losses can reach 100%. The integrated (PTT) package there used yellow sticky traps at 40/ha, a 3-row maize barrier planted at least 30 days before transplanting, and weekly monitoring.
    • BPTP Bengkulu adds removal of alternate weed hosts and conserving predators. In the Lampung trial, varieties Lado and TM 3044 grew better under virus pressure than Perosa.
    Regions
    Indonesia (Sumatra highlands)
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide

Rubber · Karet

Full rubber guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Land prep & planting

    Remove old stumps and roots before replanting

    White root disease (Rigidoporus microporus) is most damaging where many old root stumps and woody debris are left. Young trees aged 2 to 6 years are most at risk.

    Technical detail
    • Clear and destroy old roots and stumps during land preparation.
    • Remove and burn infected roots from affected trees.
    • A three-year-old tree can die within six months of infection, so check young trees regularly.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Rubber guide

Oil palm · Kelapa sawit

Full oil palm guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Replanting & land preparation

    Remove old stumps and roots at replanting

    Ganoderma survives in old palm tissue and can infect the new crop. Dead or rotting trunks and leftover rubber stumps are likely sources, so destroy them during land clearing.

    Technical detail
    • PPKS field trials: root sanitation with big-hole planting delayed infection until about 2 years after treatment, and hole-in-hole planting suppressed disease up to 7 years.
    • The PPKS smallholder guide notes that dead trees left in the field also attract rhinoceros beetles.
    • Well-fed palms are less vulnerable to stem rot, so start nutrition early.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Oil palm guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Mature palms

    Mound infected palms with Trichoderma and trench off hotspots

    No method fully cures basal stem rot. Digging out rotten tissue and mounding soil with Trichoderma can extend the productive life of an infected palm, and a trench can slow spread to neighbours.

    Technical detail
    • PPKS: digging and mounding with Trichoderma extended the life of infected palms up to 3 years after treatment.
    • A 4 m x 4 m isolation trench prevented spread to neighbouring palms for up to 2 years in the same trials.
    • A 2022 review found Trichoderma the most studied biocontrol agent, but concluded no current method controls Ganoderma effectively. Treat it as slowing the disease, not curing it.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Oil palm guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Mature palms

    Keep light ground cover and flowering plants for natural enemies

    Bare soil from heavy herbicide use removes the plants that support beneficial insects, which can lead to pest outbreaks.

    Technical detail
    • PPKS targets clean palm circles and paths with light vegetation between palms.
    • Beneficial flowering plants such as Turnera and Antigonon support insects that prey on leaf-eating pests.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Oil palm guide

Coffee · Kopi

Full coffee guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Harvest

    Break the berry borer cycle with frequent, complete picking

    The borer breeds inside berries and survives between crops in dry berries on the tree and the ground. Picking often and stripping all berries at season end removes its breeding sites.

    Technical detail
    • Pacific Pests: pick ripe berries at least every 2 weeks (2 to 3 weeks in hotspots), strip all berries at the end, and collect fallen berries. Aim for fewer than five ripe, overripe or raisin berries per tree.
    • Destroy infested berries: seal them in bins or bags in the sun for 2 weeks, bury at least 15 cm deep, or burn.
    • Area-wide action, where neighbours do the same, gives better control. Destroy abandoned plantings.
    Regions
    Widely applicable · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Productive trees

    Use Beauveria and alcohol traps against berry borer

    The fungus Beauveria bassiana infects adult borers, and alcohol-baited traps catch flying females.

    Technical detail
    • Puslitkoka uses Beauveria bassiana strain 705 and Hypotan traps at 25 per hectare.
    • Pacific Pests reports about 80% adult mortality from Beauveria in consistently humid countries. Traps with a methanol to ethanol mix of 3:1 are used in organic coffee in Mexico.
    • Put traps at processing sites too, so beetles do not escape back to the field.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Latin America
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide
    • Conventional
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Productive trees

    Monitor berry borer and spray only early, if needed

    Insecticides work only while the female is still in the entry tunnel. Sample trees to find hotspots and time any spray.

    Technical detail
    • Hawaii CoffeeEd uses a 30-tree sampling method to estimate infestation and decide when to spray.
    • Pacific Pests suggests spraying hotspots above 2% infestation. Use only products registered locally and follow the label.
    • Fallen berries are hard to treat, so sanitation remains the base.
    Regions
    Pacific · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Productive trees

    Plant rust-resistant varieties; protect with copper where needed

    Rust spores spread on wind and insects and need water to germinate. Resistant varieties are the first defence; copper protects susceptible trees.

    Technical detail
    • Puslitkoka lists resistant varieties S 795, Andungsari 2K, Gayo 1 and Komasti. Pacific Pests gives Catimor as an example.
    • Puslitkoka: copper fungicide at 0.3% every 2 weeks, or triadimefon 0.1% as a systemic. Pacific Pests notes sprays are usually not needed above 1,700 m.
    • Puslitkoka also mentions mahogany leaf extract as a botanical option.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide

Cocoa · Kakao

Full cocoa guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Harvest & fermentation

    Beat pod borer with complete, frequent, regular harvest

    Pod borer larvae feed inside pods and leave them in about 2 to 3 weeks. Picking every pod as it turns yellow, weekly, breaks the cycle before moths emerge.

    Technical detail
    • Pacific Pests: harvest at 7-day intervals, do not miss mature pods, and bury infested pods. It works best when neighbours do the same.
    • ACIAR: weekly in the rainy season and fortnightly in the dry season. Pacific Pests notes that ants (Iridomyrmex) commonly prey on 40 to 60% of the pest.
    • In Central Sulawesi trials, sex pheromone traps helped reduce infestation. Pacific Pests does not recommend pesticides for smallholders.
    Regions
    Indonesia (Sulawesi) · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide
    • Conventional
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Mature trees

    Remove black pods; use copper or phosphonate if needed

    Black pod spores splash from soil and infected pods. Sanitation and an open canopy come first; fungicides support them in the wet season.

    Technical detail
    • Pacific Pests: remove diseased pods at least monthly, more often in the main crop. The PNG handbook says weekly. Bury or burn husks.
    • Pacific Pests: copper sprays on pods every 2 weeks in the main crop season, or phosphonate trunk injections once or twice a year.
    • Use only locally registered products and follow the label.
    Regions
    Pacific · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Mature trees

    Use resistant clones and cut out VSD branches

    Vascular streak dieback (VSD) infects young leaves in wet weather and shows 3 to 5 months later. Protectant fungicides do not work, so resistant planting material is the main tool.

    Technical detail
    • PNG handbook: prune infected branches 30 cm below the lowest symptom, especially before the wet season, and bury the cuttings.
    • Pacific Pests: pruning helps mainly on varieties with some resistance. Do not move plants from infested areas; quarantine for 3 months.
    Regions
    Pacific · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide

Tomato · Tomat

Full tomato guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Remove wilted plants and rotate away from the tomato family

    The wilt bacterium spreads through soil, water, tools and seedlings, and survives for years in debris. Hygiene and long rotations limit it.

    Technical detail
    • Remove wilted plants with surrounding soil and destroy them. Clean soil off tools, machinery and shoes.
    • Rotate at least 4 years away from solanaceous crops; maize, soybean, grasses and rice have worked.
    • No chemicals give satisfactory control except soil fumigants. Tolerant varieties exist; check local lines.
    Regions
    Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Tomato guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Maize barrier rows, yellow traps and roguing against whitefly

    Physical and cultural barriers reduce the whitefly that spreads yellow virus, without relying on sprays.

    Technical detail
    • BPTP Jawa Timur (written for chili; tomato is a host): plant maize densely in 5 to 6 rows around the field 2 to 3 weeks before transplanting.
    • About 40 yellow sticky traps per hectare at roughly 30 cm height.
    • Monitor until 35 to 40 days, destroy diseased plants and remove weed hosts. Test locally on tomato.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Tomato guide
    • Conventional
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Silver plastic mulch and targeted whitefly control

    Reflective silver-black plastic mulch deters whitefly. Where sprays are needed, use registered products within an IPM plan.

    Technical detail
    • BPTP Jawa Timur: silver-black plastic mulch reflects light that whiteflies avoid.
    • Queensland Government: control adult whiteflies before destroying old crops, remove old crops promptly after the final harvest, and keep weeds down.
    • Resistant varieties help only with good hygiene. Collect plastic after the crop.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Tomato guide

Potato · Kentang

Full potato guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Tuber bulking

    Cultural late blight control

    Late blight spreads by wind, rain and infected tubers and thrives in cool, wet weather. Removing sources and keeping foliage dry lowers risk.

    Technical detail
    • Sporangia form at 90 to 100% humidity and about 12 to 24 C; infection can take as little as 2 hours (Wisconsin Extension).
    • Remove volunteer potato and tomato plants, destroy cull piles, space rows for airflow and limit nitrogen.
    • Use resistant or tolerant varieties and rotate 2 to 3 years.
    Regions
    Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Potato guide
    • Conventional
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Tuber bulking

    Protective fungicides before symptoms, rotating groups

    In wet highland seasons, fungicides are applied before symptoms appear, and groups are alternated to slow resistance.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa medium-altitude trial: a two-ingredient product (mancozeb with cymoxanil) at 21, 28 and 35 days, then a contact fungicide (chlorothalonil) weekly to about 93 days.
    • Pacific Pests & Pathogens: protectants such as mancozeb, chlorothalonil or copper, rotated with systemic groups.
    • Use registered products and follow the local label.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Potato guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Maize intercrops, border crops and rotation against bacterial wilt

    Bacterial wilt has no reliable chemical cure. Avoiding infested land, rotation and companion crops reduce it.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa: maize in single rows 60 cm apart, planted two weeks before potato; with a bactericide drench, wilt stayed below 5% at Cianjur (600 m).
    • Balitsa (2021) lists border crops of maize and Tagetes.
    • Pacific Pests & Pathogens: rotate at least 4 years away from solanaceous crops; maize, grasses and rice have worked.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Potato guide

Mango · Mangga

Full mango guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Flowering & fruit set

    Prevent anthracnose from flowering onward

    Anthracnose spreads by rain splash and thrives in humid, dense canopies. Remove dead twigs and fallen leaves, keep the canopy open, and protect flowers and young fruit.

    Technical detail
    • Pacific Pests: start protective sprays when flowers first appear and repeat every 3 to 4 weeks up to the pre-harvest interval. Products named for Australia include mancozeb, azoxystrobin and copper.
    • UF/IFAS: sprays after infection have no effect; coat new growth before infection.
    • Use only products registered locally and follow the label.
    Regions
    Widely applicable · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Mango guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Fruit growth & harvest

    Trap fruit flies and bag fruit early

    Lure traps and fruit bags protect fruit without spraying. Collecting fallen fruit breaks the fly life cycle.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian guide: 20 to 25 methyl eugenol or protein bait traps per hectare, set at the same time across the orchard.
    • Bag fruit at 1.5 to 2 cm diameter using UV kraft paper, porous nylon or lined plastic bags.
    • TNAU: remove fruit with dimples or oozing sap and clear fallen fruit. The Indonesian guide buries fallen fruit 40 to 50 cm deep.
    Regions
    Indonesia · India (Tamil Nadu)
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Mango guide

Durian · Durian

Full durian guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Fruit growth

    Check trunks often and treat cankers early

    Patch canker shows as wet, dark bark lesions, often at the change from dry to wet season. Early action limits tree loss.

    Technical detail
    • Scrape lesions back to healthy wood and paint with a copper fungicide such as Bordeaux mixture (ACIAR) or a registered systemic product (Indonesian SPO, Sarawak).
    • Remove and burn badly infected or dead trees and lime the planting spot (TFNet).
    • Harvest fruit from the tree, not the ground, and bury or ferment infected fruit (ACIAR).
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia · Thailand · Vietnam
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Durian guide
    • Conventional
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Fruit growth

    Phosphonate trunk injection for Phytophthora

    Trunk injection with neutralised potassium phosphonate is the main chemical tool tested in Southeast Asia.

    Technical detail
    • ACIAR: use phosphonate neutralised to pH 6.5 to 7.0. Mature trees received two or three injections a year during leaf flush, reduced to once a year as disease fell.
    • Inject in the morning and watch for bark splitting with high-pressure systems.
    • Use only products registered locally and follow the label.
    Regions
    Vietnam · Thailand · Australia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Durian guide

Pineapple · Nanas

Full pineapple guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Land & planting material

    Start with wilt-free planting material

    Mealybug wilt spreads through planting material. Take material only from healthy fields or use treated or tissue-culture plants.

    Technical detail
    • Pacific Pests: use tissue culture or hot water at 50°C for 30 minutes, or take material from fields with under 10% wilt.
    • Do not take suckers next to diseased plants. Avoid replanting where wilt occurred.
    • Crowns or slips can be dipped in horticultural oil before planting.
    Regions
    Pacific · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Pineapple guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Control ants so natural enemies can work on mealybugs

    Ants protect mealybugs and move them between plants. Breaking ant nests and keeping borders clean lets ladybirds and parasitic wasps reduce mealybugs.

    Technical detail
    • Pacific Pests: cultivate to destroy big-headed ant nests and keep field borders weed-free.
    • Remove and burn wilting plants as soon as they appear.
    • Ant baits or insecticides are a later step, used only if wilt passes about 3% of plants and products are registered locally.
    Regions
    Pacific · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Pineapple guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Prevent Phytophthora heart rot with drainage and acidity

    Heart rot rots the central stem and gives a foul smell. Good drainage, healthy planting material and keeping soil out of the plant heart are the main defences.

    Technical detail
    • Guam: plant in acid soil (pH 5.0 to 6.9) on well-drained raised beds, and keep soil out of the plant heart.
    • TNAU and Kerala list fungicide sprays such as fosetyl-Al for affected fields; use only locally registered products.
    Regions
    Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Pineapple guide

Citrus · Jeruk

Full citrus guide
    • Conventional
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Bearing tree

    Monitor psyllids with yellow traps and treat at flushing

    The Asian citrus psyllid breeds only on new flush. Use traps to decide when to act, and coordinate control with neighbouring growers.

    Technical detail
    • PTKJS: 10 to 12 yellow traps per hectare at mid-canopy, checked every 2 weeks; act when the average exceeds 5 psyllids per trap. Trunk painting with imidacloprid every 2 to 4 weeks spares natural enemies better than spraying.
    • All growers in a production pocket should act together (PTKJS). Pacific Pests advises timing sprays to flushing periods.
    • UF/IFAS: imidacloprid resistance has been detected in Florida; rotate modes of action. Follow the local label.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Bearing tree

    Conserve psyllid parasitoids and predators

    Parasitoid wasps, ladybirds, hoverflies and insect-killing fungi reduce psyllid numbers, but on their own they do not stop HLB spread.

    Technical detail
    • PTKJS: Tamarixia radiata and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis parasitize psyllid nymphs; the fungus Hirsutella infects them in the rainy season. Conserve ladybirds and hoverflies.
    • Pacific Pests prefers botanical sprays such as neem with soap where sprays are needed.
    • UF/IFAS: Tamarixia, lady beetles and lacewings help, but parasitoids alone have not slowed disease spread.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Bearing tree

    Confirm CVPD, then remove infected trees

    Infected trees cannot be cured and feed bacteria to psyllids. Rule out nutrient deficiency first, then remove infected wood or whole trees.

    Technical detail
    • IAARD (2016): zinc and other deficiencies mimic CVPD. Deficiency tends to show across the orchard in a regular pattern; disease shows in patches. Persistent symptoms on new flush after balanced feeding point to infection.
    • PTKJS: remove branches with sectoral symptoms, or the whole tree and roots if infection is widespread; regrowth from stumps can carry infection.
    • UF/IFAS notes that pruning out symptoms does not succeed in Florida because roots are infected first. Spray infected trees for psyllids before removal.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Manage Phytophthora foot and root rot

    Phytophthora attacks the trunk base and roots in wet soil. Good drainage, a high bud union and dry trunks prevent most damage.

    Technical detail
    • UF/IFAS: avoid overwatering young trees and irrigate early to midday so trunks dry; use tolerant rootstocks when replanting; consider fungicides only after other causes of decline are checked.
    • PTKJS lists phosphorous acid (2 g/L) for foot rot; follow the local label.
    • BBP2TP identifies P. palmivora, P. citrophthora and P. parasitica in Indonesian orchards.
    Regions
    Widely applicable · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
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