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Indonesia

Ministry of Agriculture institutes, Balitsa, PPKS, ICRAF. 98 practices across 12 crops.

Summary of cited sources. TERAknow summarises published guidance from the sources linked on each page. Recommendations are general, not guaranteed: results depend on your soil, climate and variety, so confirm with local extension staff or an agronomist before acting.

Regional notes

What sources say about this region

  • Banana: Indonesia & Southeast Asia

    Two diseases set the rules for banana in Indonesia. Fusarium wilt has been in Java since the 1910s, and TR4 is now the main race in surveys, affecting Barangan, Raja and Ambon Hijau. Blood disease (Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis) started in South Sulawesi and is now found from Sumatra to Papua. It hits Kepok (Saba type, ABB) hardest, while Raja, Susu and Mas are less susceptible and well-monitored Cavendish plantations suffer less. Budless Kepok types (Kepok Tanjung) are being distributed because they give insects no male flower to infect. Ministry of Agriculture (Balitbu Tropika) technical guides on these diseases were not fetched; current guidance here comes through TFNet and BRIN presentations and Pacific Pests, Pathogens and Weeds.

  • Chili: Indonesia (Java lowlands)

    Balitsa's relay system plants chili into a shallot crop about one month after the shallots, using straw mulch and trap-based IPM.

  • Research gap

    Chili: Highland Indonesia

    Highland chili in Indonesia is grown on mulched raised beds much like lowland chili, but trials show three differences. Some lines yield well only at high sites such as Lembang (1,250 m), so variety choice should come from highland trials. Flowering starts later in cool weather. And disease is not lower by default: anthracnose fungus favours about 20 to 24 °C, and a Lampung highland site had heavy whitefly and yellow virus that were absent at the lowland site. A Balitsa highland planting calendar and a direct highland vs lowland anthracnose comparison from Lembang or Garut were not found in fetched sources.

  • Rubber: Indonesia

    Mostly smallholder land, much of it in mixed 'jungle rubber'. ICRAF and CIRAD trials test improved agroforestry with clones (Wibawa et al.).

  • Research gap

    Rubber: Indonesian clone recommendations

    The fetched Ministry of Agriculture guide (2014) lists IRR 104, IRR 112, IRR 118, IRR 220, BPM 24, PB 260, PB 330 and PB 340 as latex clones and IRR 5, IRR 39, IRR 42, IRR 107 and RRIC 100 as latex-timber clones, for 2010 to 2014. The Rubber Research Institute released IRR 309 and IRR 310 in 2025. Tapping advice from the institute centres on S/2 d3 with 2.5% ethephon, with d4 as a labour-saving option for slow-starter clones. The current official recommended clone list for 2021 onward and the tapping-start criteria (girth, opening height) from the Ministry guide could not be read in fetched text.

  • Oil palm: Indonesia (smallholders)

    The PPKS pocket guide sets the loose-fruit ripeness rule, U or C frond stacking and 4R fertiliser planning, with EFB at lower rates where supply is short.

  • Coffee: Indonesia (Sulawesi, Lampung)

    Puslitkoka and ICRAF guides grow coffee in mixed gardens under Gliricidia, Leucaena or Erythrina, with timber and fruit trees on the edges.

  • Research gap

    Coffee: Indonesia berry borer thresholds

    Local spray thresholds and currently registered products still to be added.

  • Cocoa: Indonesia (Sulawesi)

    Side grafting with local superior clones such as Sulawesi 1 and 2, pheromone traps for pod borer, and companion trees chosen with ICRAF species cards.

  • Research gap

    Cocoa: Indonesia fertiliser rates

    Indonesian cocoa fertiliser recommendations by soil type still to be added.

  • Tomato: Indonesia (lowlands)

    Indonesian guides use raised beds with drains, liming of acid soils, staking and pruning. Yellow virus is managed with screened nurseries, maize barriers and yellow traps.

  • Research gap

    Tomato: Highland Indonesia

    Highland practices, late blight management and current variety lists for tomato are still to be added.

  • Potato: Medium altitude Indonesia (300 to 700 m)

    Balitsa grows potato with a maize intercrop, 40 cm ridges, straw mulch and a protective fungicide schedule.

  • Mango: Indonesia (Java, East Nusa Tenggara)

    The Ministry field guide uses the 1-3-9-27 canopy system, methyl eugenol traps, early bagging and fruit thinning for Arumanis, Gadong and Gedong Gincu.

  • Research gap

    Mango: Indonesia flower induction rates

    The Ministry guide schedules paclobutrazol for Gedong Gincu but does not give doses. Local rates are still to be added.

  • Research gap

    Durian: Indonesia

    The Ministry SPO covers site, grafted plants, pruning, hand pollination and harvest. Current Indonesian clone lists and Phytophthora rates are still to be added.

  • Pineapple: Indonesia (Riau peat)

    A CIFOR and Peat Restoration Agency guide combines fire-free land preparation, manure plus copper sulfate, and agroforestry with timber trees.

  • Research gap

    Pineapple: Indonesia (Lampung and mineral soils)

    Large plantations operate on acidic mineral soils in Lampung, but no public institutional guide was found for their practices.

  • Citrus: Indonesia (PTKJS)

    The Ministry of Agriculture's integrated healthy-orchard package combines certified seedlings, psyllid control, sanitation, good crop care and area-wide coordination among growers.

  • Citrus: Indonesia (Siam and Keprok)

    Varieties named as competitive include Siam Kintamani, Siam Madu, keprok Batu 55 and keprok SoE. Siam and sweet orange are susceptible to tristeza virus while keprok types are tolerant (IAARD 2016).

  • Research gap

    Citrus: Indonesia (current nursery and resistance status)

    Up-to-date lists of BPMT budwood blocks by province, label classes and psyllid insecticide resistance in Indonesian orchards still to be added.

Practices

Practices tagged Indonesia

Banana · Pisang

Full banana guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Planting

    Choose cultivars with Fusarium TR4 in mind

    TR4 is now the main Fusarium race found in Indonesian surveys and it attacks popular local cultivars. Where the disease is present, favour lines that showed resistance in Indonesian field trials.

    Technical detail
    • The Indonesian Fruit Research Institute reported that more than 65% of isolates in a 15-province survey were TR4. Barangan, Raja and Ambon Hijau are among the affected local cultivars.
    • INA 02, INA 03, the local Ketan 01 and the irradiated mutants Pirama and Ampyang showed potential TR4 resistance in field trials. FHIA 17, FHIA 25 and SH 3640 were also proposed for growers.
    • Ask local extension staff which of these lines are actually available in your area.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Banana guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil biology
    • Stage: Planting

    Rotate out of banana on Fusarium-affected land

    Fusarium survives in the soil, so replanting banana straight after banana keeps the disease going. Rotation is one of the few field measures that showed benefit in Indonesia.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian work found that rotation with pineapple and cassava can reduce Fusarium wilt incidence.
    • The same report notes that beneficial microbes such as Trichoderma, Bacillus and Pseudomonas had not yet shown positive results against Fusarium wilt in Indonesian trials. Treat biological products as unproven for this disease.
    • Paddy rice rotation was raised as a possible suppressive option for Southeast Asia, but it was still a research question.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Southeast Asia
    Confidence
    Emerging evidence: early or small-scale evidence
    Source
    Crop
    Banana guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Shooting & bunch

    Bag the bunch and remove the male bud early against blood disease

    Blood disease bacteria are carried by bees, flies and wasps that visit the male flowers. Removing the male bud and bagging the bunch cuts this route.

    Technical detail
    • Pacific Pests, Pathogens and Weeds: remove the male bud immediately after the last hand emerges, using a forked stick rather than a knife.
    • Bag the inflorescence after it emerges. Bags can come off after fruit set once the male bud is removed.
    • BRIN's Indonesia report lists bagging and debudding, disease-free planting material and removing infected plants as the recommended measures. Chemical control is not recommended.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Banana guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Clean tools and remove infected plants with their neighbours

    Knives, infected suckers and soil spread blood disease between plants and farms. Hygiene and fast removal of sick plants limit spread.

    Technical detail
    • Clean tools with household bleach diluted 1 part to 3 parts water, and clean soil off footwear (Pacific Pests, Pathogens and Weeds).
    • Check plants often. Remove diseased plants, their suckers and their immediate neighbours. Chop or kill them and burn the dried material on site, including infected fruit.
    • The bacterium can survive in soil and plant remains for over a year. The same guide suggests leaving the site fallow for 18 months without weeds, or under a cover crop such as Mucuna.
    • Never take suckers from an infected mat, and do not plant downhill or downwind of diseased plots.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Banana guide

Chili · Cabai

Full chili guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Nursery

    Treat seed and raise seedlings under cover

    Anthracnose can be carried on seed, and thrips and viruses attack young seedlings. Treat seed, use clean media and screen the nursery.

    Technical detail
    • Hot-water treatment: 52°C for 30 minutes, timed with a thermometer (Pacific Pests & Pathogens). Balitsa describes soaking at 50°C for about an hour.
    • Balitsa: seedbed 1 m wide, facing east, under clear plastic roofing, enclosed with fine netting against thrips.
    • Media: fine soil and manure 1:1, steam-sterilized. Check seedlings for leaf spots before moving them to the field.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Core practice
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Plant on raised beds and correct acidity

    Chili does not tolerate flooding. Use raised beds on land that drains, and lime acidic soils before transplanting.

    Technical detail
    • Sarawak: beds 15 to 30 cm high, 1.0 to 1.2 m wide, 50 to 100 cm apart; dolomite at 100 to 200 g/m².
    • Balitsa (lowland system): beds 1.5 to 1.75 m wide with drains 0.5 to 0.6 m deep; lime 2 to 4 weeks before planting if pH is below 5.6.
    • Flat planting is acceptable only where the land never waterlogs.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Straw mulch as a low-input alternative

    A 5 cm layer of rice straw (about 10 t/ha) keeps soil moist, suppresses weeds and reduces thrips in the dry season, and adds organic matter as it breaks down.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa uses straw mulch in the shallot to chili relay system, applied after the shallot harvest.
    • Straw does not reflect light, so it gives less aphid deterrence than silver plastic.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Conventional
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Basal manure plus regular side dressing

    Work in decomposed manure and a compound fertilizer before transplanting, then feed little and often while the crop is picking.

    Technical detail
    • Sarawak: 1 to 2 kg/m² well-decomposed chicken manure plus 30 g/m² NPK compound 1 to 2 weeks before transplanting; side dress 15 to 30 g per plant every 1 to 2 weeks until the crop ends.
    • Balitsa: TSP 150 to 200 kg/ha basal; urea, ZA and KCl split into thirds at 4, 7 and 10 weeks after planting.
    • Use fresh manure only after composting; adjust rates to a soil test.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Core practice
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Stake early and prune low branches

    Install stakes about one month after transplanting to carry the fruit load and stop plants lodging.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa prunes side shoots up to 25 cm above the soil at about two months, which improves airflow near the ground.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Monitor with traps before spraying

    Sticky traps show when thrips and whiteflies build up, and methyl eugenol traps catch male fruit flies. Spray only registered products, and only when monitoring shows a need.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa: 40 blue, white or yellow sticky traps per hectare, re-oiled weekly.
    • Methyl eugenol traps: 40 per hectare from two weeks after planting, refreshed every two weeks.
    • Main pests: thrips, aphids, mites, fruit borers, fruit flies and whiteflies.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Core practice
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Harvest

    Pick often, in cool hours, with the stalk on

    Harvest begins about 70 to 75 days after transplanting in the lowlands and continues every 3 to 4 days.

    Technical detail
    • Pick in the morning or late afternoon using secateurs, keeping the stalk on the fruit.
    • Fresh-market fruit should be mature but firm.
    • Remove rotten fruit from the field at each picking rather than dropping it on the bed.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Pick lines tested in the highlands

    Chili lines do not perform the same in the highlands and lower areas. Balitsa trials found some lines yield well only at Lembang, so use varieties tested at your altitude.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa (2009) compared lines at Lembang (1,250 m) and Garut (600 m). Lines 349-1, SF-1, SF-2 and SFK-2 showed high yield potential only at Lembang.
    • In a later Balitsa trial at Lembang (2016), the line YK-2 out-yielded the checks Perisai and Tanjung-2 in that trial.
    • BPTP Bengkulu (2021) lists the cayenne varieties Prima Agrihorti and Rabani Agrihorti as suited to the highlands.
    Regions
    Indonesia (West Java highlands)
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Conventional
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Double rows on mulched beds

    Highland trials in Indonesia used plastic-mulched beds with two rows of plants at moderate spacing.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa's Lembang and Garut trial used black-silver plastic mulch, two rows per bed and 60 x 50 cm spacing.
    • A BPTP Lampung highland system used 60 to 80 cm between rows and 50 to 60 cm in the row, about 17,000 plants/ha, in a double-row triangle on black plastic mulch.
    • These were trial layouts, not a single official highland standard. Remove used plastic after the crop.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Core practice
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Flowering & fruit set

    Expect slower flowering in cool highlands

    Cooler weather slows chili down. Plan the picking calendar and labour for a later start than in the lowlands.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa (2009), citing earlier work: highland chili starts flowering in weeks 5 to 14, against weeks 4 to 11 in the lowlands.
    • The same trial noted transplant shock when seedlings raised in the Lembang nursery were moved to the warmer Garut site. Harden seedlings in conditions close to the field.
    • No source fetched gives a fixed highland planting month; match timing to local rainfall.
    Regions
    Indonesia (West Java highlands)
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Chili guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Plan for whitefly and yellow leaf curl virus in humid highlands

    Do not assume highlands are free of virus. In one Lampung comparison, whitefly and yellow virus were serious in the highland site and absent in the lowland site.

    Technical detail
    • BPTP Lampung recorded 60% whitefly attack and 60% yellow virus in highland Sukau, against none found at the lowland site. Anthracnose was 30% in the highland and 25% in the lowland.
    • Yellow leaf curl is a whitefly-spread geminivirus; losses can reach 100%. The integrated (PTT) package there used yellow sticky traps at 40/ha, a 3-row maize barrier planted at least 30 days before transplanting, and weekly monitoring.
    • BPTP Bengkulu adds removal of alternate weed hosts and conserving predators. In the Lampung trial, varieties Lado and TM 3044 grew better under virus pressure than Perosa.
    Regions
    Indonesia (Sumatra highlands)
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Chili guide

Rubber · Karet

Full rubber guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Budding

    Plant budded clones, not unselected seedlings

    Commercial rubber is propagated by budding a selected clone onto a seedling rootstock. Clones give more uniform and productive stands than local seedlings.

    Technical detail
    • Budding methods include green, brown and crown budding.
    • In Indonesian agroforestry trials, clones such as PB 260, RRIC 100 and BPM 1 were compared with local seedlings.
    • Choose clones recommended for your region by the national rubber research institute.
    Regions
    Widely applicable · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Rubber guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Land prep & planting

    Remove old stumps and roots before replanting

    White root disease (Rigidoporus microporus) is most damaging where many old root stumps and woody debris are left. Young trees aged 2 to 6 years are most at risk.

    Technical detail
    • Clear and destroy old roots and stumps during land preparation.
    • Remove and burn infected roots from affected trees.
    • A three-year-old tree can die within six months of infection, so check young trees regularly.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Rubber guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil biology
    • Stage: Immature growth

    Rubber agroforestry for smallholders

    Indonesian 'jungle rubber' grows rubber with timber, fruit trees and annual crops in several layers. Improved systems keep this mix but use recommended clones.

    Technical detail
    • Over 80% of Indonesia's rubber area is smallholder land, much of it in mixed systems.
    • Reported benefits: income from several products, biodiversity, water conservation and carbon storage.
    • Trade-off: published yield and income comparisons with monoculture are limited, so returns need checking locally.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Rubber guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil biology
    • Stage: Immature growth

    Trichoderma against white root disease

    Local Trichoderma isolates from Indonesia slowed the white root fungus in the lab and reduced disease on potted stumps.

    Technical detail
    • Four of 16 isolates reduced fungal growth by 66 to 71% in the lab.
    • Trials were on potted stumps; field results are not yet established.
    • Use alongside stump removal, not instead of it.
    Regions
    Indonesia (North Sumatra)
    Confidence
    Emerging evidence: early or small-scale evidence
    Source
    Crop
    Rubber guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Budding

    Plant budded material of a recommended clone

    Indonesian rules call for clonal planting material: a recommended clone bud-grafted onto rootstock from a certified seed garden.

    Technical detail
    • Ministry of Agriculture guide (2014) latex clones: IRR 104, IRR 112, IRR 118, IRR 220, BPM 24, PB 260, PB 330, PB 340. Latex-timber clones: IRR 5, IRR 39, IRR 42, IRR 107, RRIC 100. This list covers the 2010 to 2014 period.
    • Older clones such as GT 1, PR 255, PR 261, RRIM 600 and RRIM 712 may still be used depending on site and target.
    • Rootstock seed should come from seed gardens with at least 95% clone purity. Buy budded stumps or polybag plants with no more than two leaf whorls.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Rubber guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Land prep & planting

    Plant at 500 to 600 trees per hectare

    The Ministry guide sets ideal density at 500 to 600 trees/ha, with layouts that suit intercropping.

    Technical detail
    • Spacing options: 3 x 6 m, 4 x 5 m or 3.3 x 5.5 m. For intercropping use 3 x 6 m, with the 6 m rows running north to south.
    • Planting holes at least 40 x 40 x 40 cm.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Rubber guide
    • Conventional
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Tapping

    Match tapping frequency and stimulant to clone type

    The Rubber Research Institute separates quick-starter clones (such as PB 260 and IRR clones) from slow-starter clones (such as BPM 24, PR 255, GT 1). They need different stimulant use.

    Technical detail
    • The standard system in that review is S/2 d3 with ethephon 2.5%. Quick starters respond less to stimulant and are prone to tapping panel dryness, so stimulant is limited (the text says at most 12 times a year). Slow starters can take stimulant up to 18 times a year, twice a month.
    • Moving to d4 cut tapping days from 100 to 75 a year and cut costs, but lowered output of quick-starter clones by about 20%. S/2 d6 was not recommended because returns did not cover costs.
    • The authors suggest d4 for slow-starter clones south of the equator when prices are low, and using latex diagnosis to keep trees healthy.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Rubber guide
    • Conventional
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Tapping

    Use clones that hold yield under low-frequency tapping

    Not every clone copes with tapping every fourth day. Institute trials name clones that do relatively well, and give stimulant timing for d4.

    Technical detail
    • Sayurandi (2020): d3 still out-yielded d4 overall, but PB 330, IRR 104, IRR 220 and RRIM 901 gave comparatively high yields under 1/2S d4 with 2.5% ethephon.
    • For BPM 24 on S/2 d4 with 2.5% ethephon every two weeks, applying stimulant 45 hours before tapping worked best in one Getas trial, the same timing advised for d3.
    • New clones IRR 309 and IRR 310 (2025) respond strongly to ethephon, resist Corynespora and Colletotrichum leaf fall and can be opened at 4.5 to 5 years. They still need the right tapping system.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Rubber guide

Oil palm · Kelapa sawit

Full oil palm guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Replanting & land preparation

    Remove old stumps and roots at replanting

    Ganoderma survives in old palm tissue and can infect the new crop. Dead or rotting trunks and leftover rubber stumps are likely sources, so destroy them during land clearing.

    Technical detail
    • PPKS field trials: root sanitation with big-hole planting delayed infection until about 2 years after treatment, and hole-in-hole planting suppressed disease up to 7 years.
    • The PPKS smallholder guide notes that dead trees left in the field also attract rhinoceros beetles.
    • Well-fed palms are less vulnerable to stem rot, so start nutrition early.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Oil palm guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Mature palms

    Mound infected palms with Trichoderma and trench off hotspots

    No method fully cures basal stem rot. Digging out rotten tissue and mounding soil with Trichoderma can extend the productive life of an infected palm, and a trench can slow spread to neighbours.

    Technical detail
    • PPKS: digging and mounding with Trichoderma extended the life of infected palms up to 3 years after treatment.
    • A 4 m x 4 m isolation trench prevented spread to neighbouring palms for up to 2 years in the same trials.
    • A 2022 review found Trichoderma the most studied biocontrol agent, but concluded no current method controls Ganoderma effectively. Treat it as slowing the disease, not curing it.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Oil palm guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil biology
    • Stage: Replanting & land preparation

    Sow a legume cover crop at land preparation

    Legume covers reduce erosion, keep soil moist, limit loss of organic matter and attract natural enemies of pests. Sow once, after land clearing, avoiding very heavy rain or dry spells.

    Technical detail
    • Smallholder Oil Palm Handbook seed rates: Mucuna bracteata 200 to 300 g/ha; Pueraria phaseoloides 3 to 4 kg/ha; Calopogonium caeruleum 1 to 1.5 kg/ha. Most seed needs scarification (sandpaper or hot water).
    • The same guide supports establishment with soluble P (for example 500 kg/ha TSP) or reactive rock phosphate. These are rates from one guide; adjust to a soil test.
    • Slash inter-row vegetation at knee height about every six months.
    • TNAU also lists Pueraria, Calopogonium, Centrosema and Mucuna; FELCRA uses legume covers during the immature stage.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Oil palm guide
    • Conventional
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Mature palms

    Feed by the 4R rule: type, rate, time, place

    Fertiliser rates should replace what the harvest removes. PPKS estimates each tonne of fresh fruit bunches removes about 3 kg N, 4 kg K, 0.4 kg P and 0.6 kg Mg.

    Technical detail
    • PPKS: split rates above 2 kg per tree, and split urea above 1 kg per tree. Avoid heavy rain, waterlogged fields and very hot, dry spells.
    • Place compound and P, K and Mg fertilisers on the spread fronds; put urea and borate in the weeded circle. Keep dolomite at least one month apart from K fertiliser.
    • TNAU gives fixed per-palm schedules split into two doses a year. These are from one guide; base rates on soil and leaf analysis.
    Regions
    Indonesia · India (Tamil Nadu)
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Oil palm guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil biology
    • Stage: Mature palms

    Stack pruned fronds around each palm

    Pruned fronds returned to the field feed the soil, hold moisture, reduce erosion and suppress weeds. Lay them in a U or C shape, leaving only the palm circle and harvest path open.

    Technical detail
    • PPKS: keep the circle and path at about 1.5 m radius, widening to 2.5 m for tall palms.
    • Smallholder handbook: chop the cut frond in two; put the thick spiny part on the stack between rows and the thin part between neighbouring palms.
    • Over-stacked fronds can shelter rats, so spread them rather than piling them.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Oil palm guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Mature palms

    Spread empty fruit bunches one layer thick

    Empty fruit bunches (EFB) from the mill are rich in potassium and add organic matter. In a 15-year Riau trial, topsoil organic carbon was higher under EFB than under fertiliser alone.

    Technical detail
    • Smallholder handbook: 30 to 40 t/ha can replace K, P, Mg and B fertiliser for about a year, but keep applying N. PPKS gives 35 to 40 t/ha for estates, 70 to 80 t/ha on sandy soils and as little as 10 t/ha for smallholders. Adjust to a soil test.
    • Lay EFB in a band beside the frond stack or in patches between palms, not in the weeded circle of mature palms.
    • Keep the layer one bunch thick and turn patches to check for rhinoceros beetle larvae.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Oil palm guide
    • Core practice
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Mature palms

    Keep enough green fronds when pruning

    Fronds feed the bunches. Prune to keep a set number of green fronds and avoid over-pruning.

    Technical detail
    • PPKS: palms up to 8 years keep 48 to 56 fronds (about 3 below the last bunch); older palms keep 32 to 48 (about 2 below the last bunch). Below 32 fronds can reduce yield.
    • TNAU gives similar numbers: 48 to 56 leaves at 4 to 7 years, falling to 32 to 40 after 15 years.
    • Under-pruning and long harvest intervals favour bunch rot and bunch moth.
    Regions
    Indonesia · India (Tamil Nadu)
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Oil palm guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Mature palms

    Keep light ground cover and flowering plants for natural enemies

    Bare soil from heavy herbicide use removes the plants that support beneficial insects, which can lead to pest outbreaks.

    Technical detail
    • PPKS targets clean palm circles and paths with light vegetation between palms.
    • Beneficial flowering plants such as Turnera and Antigonon support insects that prey on leaf-eating pests.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Oil palm guide
    • Core practice
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Harvest rounds

    Harvest by loose fruit, every 7 to 10 days

    A bunch is ripe when at least one loose fruit has dropped. Bunch colour alone is unreliable. Short, regular rounds avoid overripe bunches and lost loose fruit.

    Technical detail
    • Smallholder handbook: harvest every 7 to 10 days; two-week rounds are common but leave overripe bunches. PPKS allows up to 15 days in low-crop periods and advises against 20 days or more.
    • Unripe bunches contain little oil and trigger mill deductions.
    • Get bunches to the mill fast: the handbook sets 24 hours; the 2003 Ministry of Agriculture guide advises within 8 hours, because free fatty acids rise after harvest.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Oil palm guide

Coffee · Kopi

Full coffee guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Site & shade establishment

    Match species to altitude and prepare holes early

    Arabica needs cool highlands and robusta suits the lowlands. Dig planting holes months ahead and fill them with manure or compost.

    Technical detail
    • Puslitkoka/ICRAF: arabica above 1,000 m (ideally 1,000 to 1,500 m), robusta 40 to 900 m, liberica 0 to 40 m. The Philippine technoguide gives arabica 900 to 1,800 m and robusta 600 to 1,200 m, so check local advice.
    • Holes 60 x 60 x 60 cm, dug 6 months before planting and filled with manure or compost.
    • Use contour terraces on slopes.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Philippines
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Site & shade establishment

    Plant shade trees a year before the coffee

    Shade moderates heat, and shade-tree litter adds nutrients and holds soil moisture. Both Indonesian and Philippine guides plant shade one year ahead.

    Technical detail
    • Puslitkoka/ICRAF: about 400 to 800 permanent shade trees per hectare, such as Leucaena, Gliricidia and Erythrina (dadap), planted north to south. Timber trees go on the edges.
    • ICRAF: avoid coconut and cacao (similar root depth) and banana (nematode host). Keep eucalyptus or casuarina more than 10 m away.
    • In the Sumberjaya (Lampung) study cited by ICRAF, coffee under Gliricidia and Erythrina generally did best from year 4.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Philippines
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide
    • Core practice
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Productive trees

    Keep shade moderate by pruning shade trees

    Too dense and too open shade can both raise pest and disease levels. ICRAF describes about 25 to 50% of light reaching the coffee as the optimum for fruiting.

    Technical detail
    • Puslitkoka: at the start of the rainy season, cut about half of the shade trees back to about 3 m, keeping about 3 main branches.
    • ICRAF: leave at least 5 m between the coffee and shade canopy for productive coffee, and thin trees with overlapping crowns.
    • Pacific Pests lists shade, spacing and soil nutrition as critical cultural factors for leaf rust.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide
    • Core practice
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Formation

    Train stems early and renew old wood

    Form a single or multi-stem frame before fruiting, then remove spent wood after each harvest. Old trees can be rejuvenated rather than replaced.

    Technical detail
    • Puslitkoka tops robusta at about 170 cm; the Philippine guide caps the main stem at about 1.6 m in year 3. Remove suckers and excess branches.
    • After harvest, cut dead, crossing and unproductive branches, especially those that have fruited 3 to 5 times.
    • For trees about 10 to 30 years old, the Philippine guide prefers side pruning over full stumping (about 30 cm above ground) because side pruning keeps part of the crop.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Philippines
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide
    • Conventional
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Productive trees

    Fertilise twice a year, at the start and end of the rains

    Place fertiliser 30 to 50 cm from the trunk and cover it with soil. Prune shade trees first so the coffee can use the nutrients.

    Technical detail
    • Puslitkoka gives doses of urea, SP-36, KCl and dolomite that rise with tree age. For demanding varieties it suggests at least 0.5 kg chemical fertiliser plus 10 kg manure per tree. This is from one guide; adjust to a soil test.
    • Philippine guide: 75 g of 14-14-14 per tree at planting.
    • Add manure or compost alongside mineral fertiliser.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Philippines
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil biology
    • Stage: Productive trees

    Dig rorak pits and keep leaf litter

    Rorak are small trenches beside the trees that collect organic matter and improve root aeration. Shade-tree litter adds nutrients and holds moisture in dry spells.

    Technical detail
    • Puslitkoka/ICRAF: rorak about 60 to 80 cm long, 30 cm wide and 40 to 50 cm deep.
    • Fill rorak with prunings and litter. Leave leaf litter on the ground rather than burning it.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Productive trees

    Use Beauveria and alcohol traps against berry borer

    The fungus Beauveria bassiana infects adult borers, and alcohol-baited traps catch flying females.

    Technical detail
    • Puslitkoka uses Beauveria bassiana strain 705 and Hypotan traps at 25 per hectare.
    • Pacific Pests reports about 80% adult mortality from Beauveria in consistently humid countries. Traps with a methanol to ethanol mix of 3:1 are used in organic coffee in Mexico.
    • Put traps at processing sites too, so beetles do not escape back to the field.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Latin America
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Productive trees

    Plant rust-resistant varieties; protect with copper where needed

    Rust spores spread on wind and insects and need water to germinate. Resistant varieties are the first defence; copper protects susceptible trees.

    Technical detail
    • Puslitkoka lists resistant varieties S 795, Andungsari 2K, Gayo 1 and Komasti. Pacific Pests gives Catimor as an example.
    • Puslitkoka: copper fungicide at 0.3% every 2 weeks, or triadimefon 0.1% as a systemic. Pacific Pests notes sprays are usually not needed above 1,700 m.
    • Puslitkoka also mentions mahogany leaf extract as a botanical option.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide
    • Core practice
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Post-harvest

    Pick red cherries and dry off the ground

    Selective picking of ripe red cherries gives better quality. Dry quickly on raised racks, not on bare soil.

    Technical detail
    • Sort out green and black fruit after picking.
    • Philippine guide: start drying within 12 hours of harvest and sun-dry to 12 to 14% moisture.
    • Poorly dried beans let berry borers keep breeding in storage.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Philippines
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Coffee guide

Cocoa · Kakao

Full cocoa guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil biology
    • Stage: Site & shade

    Choose companion trees that build soil

    A Southeast Sulawesi study found more soil carbon, nitrogen and aggregation under shade-tree canopies, with no net effect of shade on cocoa yield. Gliricidia gave the best results for soil carbon.

    Technical detail
    • ICRAF species cards (South Sulawesi) use 3.8 m x 2.5 m cocoa spacing and put teak, mahogany and sengon on farm boundaries.
    • Nitrogen-fixing companions such as petai, jengkol and sengon are noted for soil fertility.
    • Planting companions too close reduces yields of both crops.
    Regions
    Indonesia (Sulawesi)
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Site & shade

    Plant on deep, well-drained land with room between trees

    Cocoa prefers deep soil near neutral pH. Avoid poorly drained heavy clay, where black pod is worse.

    Technical detail
    • BPTP Bengkulu: effective depth above 150 cm, loam-sand to clay-loam texture, pH 6.0 to 7.0 optimal.
    • Pacific Pests: plant at least 3 m apart; on slopes, choose sites with morning sun so leaves dry quickly.
    • PNG handbook: 4 m x 4 m for big clones; 4 m x 3 m or 3 m x 3 m for small clones.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide
    • Core practice
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Formation

    Prune to an open, low canopy

    An open canopy dries fast, which reduces black pod, and a low tree makes weekly picking possible.

    Technical detail
    • PNG handbook: start formation pruning 6 months after planting, aiming for a trunk up to 50 cm with 5 main branches by about 2 years.
    • Maintenance: cut shoots above 3.5 m and branches drooping within 1.2 m of the ground. Prune lightly each month and more strongly twice a year after the harvest peaks.
    • Pacific Pests (pod borer): prune every 6 months and keep trees no more than 3 m tall.
    Regions
    Pacific · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide
    • Conventional
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Mature trees

    Feed weeded trees after the harvest

    Fertiliser works only on well-weeded trees. Ring-weed about 1 m around the trunk a month before applying.

    Technical detail
    • ACIAR (PNG): 50 g urea or 120 g NPK per mature tree, twice a year. These are rates from one guide; adjust to a soil test.
    • In Bengkulu, farmers applying N and P irregularly had leaves low in N and P, while soil K was high.
    • Composted chicken manure at least 3 months old can be added, up to 10 kg per tree twice a year in the ACIAR manual.
    Regions
    Pacific · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil biology
    • Stage: Mature trees

    Recycle litter, prunings and buried husks

    Leaf litter protects the soil and reduces rain splash. Husks and prunings return nutrients, but must be buried because they carry disease and pests.

    Technical detail
    • ACIAR: leave fallen leaves as mulch, with a 20 cm clear space around the trunk. Mulch improves moisture and stimulates microbial activity.
    • PNG handbook: bury husks, prunings and manure about 10 cm deep in trenches between rows, alternating direction each year.
    • BPTP Bengkulu linked high soil K partly to pod husks spread on the land.
    Regions
    Pacific · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Harvest & fermentation

    Beat pod borer with complete, frequent, regular harvest

    Pod borer larvae feed inside pods and leave them in about 2 to 3 weeks. Picking every pod as it turns yellow, weekly, breaks the cycle before moths emerge.

    Technical detail
    • Pacific Pests: harvest at 7-day intervals, do not miss mature pods, and bury infested pods. It works best when neighbours do the same.
    • ACIAR: weekly in the rainy season and fortnightly in the dry season. Pacific Pests notes that ants (Iridomyrmex) commonly prey on 40 to 60% of the pest.
    • In Central Sulawesi trials, sex pheromone traps helped reduce infestation. Pacific Pests does not recommend pesticides for smallholders.
    Regions
    Indonesia (Sulawesi) · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Mature trees

    Use resistant clones and cut out VSD branches

    Vascular streak dieback (VSD) infects young leaves in wet weather and shows 3 to 5 months later. Protectant fungicides do not work, so resistant planting material is the main tool.

    Technical detail
    • PNG handbook: prune infected branches 30 cm below the lowest symptom, especially before the wet season, and bury the cuttings.
    • Pacific Pests: pruning helps mainly on varieties with some resistance. Do not move plants from infested areas; quarantine for 3 months.
    Regions
    Pacific · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Rehabilitation

    Renew old trees by side grafting (sambung samping)

    Side grafting puts a superior clone onto an existing tree. The old tree keeps bearing until the graft fruits, which Balittri reports can be about 18 months.

    Technical detail
    • Balittri: graft in the dry season, in the morning or late afternoon. Heavy rain after grafting causes failure. The rootstock must be actively growing, with bark that lifts easily.
    • Scions: brown-green fan branches 0.75 to 1.5 cm thick with 3 to 5 buds, from clearly identified high-yielding clones. Make a 5 cm cut 45 to 60 cm above the ground, insert a 3 to 4 cm wedge, tie with raffia and cover with a plastic bag. Check at 5 days.
    • In Central Sulawesi, overall graft success was about 95%, with Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, UIT 1 and TSH 858 doing well. Local scion sources limit moving pests between regions.
    Regions
    Indonesia (Sulawesi)
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide
    • Core practice
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Harvest & fermentation

    Pick ripe pods and ferment for up to 6 days

    Harvest pods as soon as they ripen: green pods turn yellow and red pods turn orange. Ferment in boxes and turn the mass daily.

    Technical detail
    • PNG handbook: pods can wait up to 2 days before breaking. Break them with a blunt stick, not in rain.
    • Fill boxes at least 50 to 65 cm deep, cover with banana leaves, turn every 24 hours, and stop at 6 days. The mass peaks around 50 °C on day 4.
    • Sun-dry in a layer about 2 cm deep, raking often. Bengkulu farmers harvest once a week.
    Regions
    Pacific · Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Cocoa guide

Tomato · Tomat

Full tomato guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Nursery

    Raise seedlings under insect netting

    Yellow leaf curl viruses are spread by whitefly, and infected seedlings carry the virus to the field. Grow seedlings in a screened nursery from whitefly-free sources.

    Technical detail
    • BPTP Jawa Timur (chili guide; tomato is also a host): isolate the nursery with 50-mesh gauze.
    • Queensland Government: source seedlings from an area free of viruses and whiteflies. The virus is not seed-borne.
    • Jambi guide: soak seed in warm water for at least 6 hours; transplant at 25 to 30 days or 3 to 4 true leaves.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Tomato guide
    • Core practice
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Plant on raised beds and correct acidity

    Raised beds with drains reduce waterlogging and bacterial wilt risk. Lime acid soils at least 3 weeks before planting.

    Technical detail
    • Jambi guide: beds 110 to 120 cm wide, 20 to 30 cm high, with 50 cm between beds as drains.
    • Lime about 300 kg/ha in furrows 15 to 20 cm from the row, 10 to 15 cm deep, at least 3 weeks before planting (one guide; adjust to a soil test).
    • Pacific Pests & Pathogens: plant on ridges or raised beds where drainage is poor.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Tomato guide
    • Conventional
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Basal NPK with a side dressing at 25 to 30 days

    Split nitrogen and potassium between planting and an early side dressing, and put all phosphate in at planting.

    Technical detail
    • Jambi guide (one source): urea 200 kg/ha, SP-36 250 kg/ha, KCl 100 kg/ha.
    • Apply half the urea and KCl plus all SP-36 at or before planting; the rest at 25 to 30 days, with weeding and hilling.
    • Adjust rates to a soil test and local recommendations.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Tomato guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil biology
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Manure, bokashi and straw mulch

    Organic matter keeps the soil loose and moist. Mulch also steadies soil moisture and temperature, which reduces blossom-end rot.

    Technical detail
    • Jambi guide: about 10 t/ha manure a week before planting, or about 5 t/ha bokashi.
    • Rock phosphate at 300 to 350 kg/ha can replace SP-36, applied at least 1 week before planting.
    • Dry straw mulch is listed against blossom-end rot and sunscald.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Tomato guide
    • Core practice
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Stake early and prune to one or two stems

    Stakes carry the fruit load and keep fruit off the soil. Pruning indeterminate types improves airflow.

    Technical detail
    • Install a bamboo or wood stake 100 to 225 cm tall per plant as early as possible.
    • One-stem system: remove all side shoots. Two-stem system: keep the shoot just below the first flower cluster.
    • Prune on dry mornings, and remove diseased leaves and cracked fruit.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Tomato guide
    • Core practice
    • Water
    • Stage: Flowering & fruit set

    Keep soil moisture even

    Irregular watering causes fruit cracking, and uneven moisture is linked to blossom-end rot.

    Technical detail
    • Jambi guide: water 1 to 2 times a day early on, adjusted for weather, and do not let soil dry out.
    • Mulch helps hold moisture steady.
    • Never let beds stand in water, since wet, hot conditions spread bacterial wilt.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Tomato guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Maize barrier rows, yellow traps and roguing against whitefly

    Physical and cultural barriers reduce the whitefly that spreads yellow virus, without relying on sprays.

    Technical detail
    • BPTP Jawa Timur (written for chili; tomato is a host): plant maize densely in 5 to 6 rows around the field 2 to 3 weeks before transplanting.
    • About 40 yellow sticky traps per hectare at roughly 30 cm height.
    • Monitor until 35 to 40 days, destroy diseased plants and remove weed hosts. Test locally on tomato.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Tomato guide
    • Conventional
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Silver plastic mulch and targeted whitefly control

    Reflective silver-black plastic mulch deters whitefly. Where sprays are needed, use registered products within an IPM plan.

    Technical detail
    • BPTP Jawa Timur: silver-black plastic mulch reflects light that whiteflies avoid.
    • Queensland Government: control adult whiteflies before destroying old crops, remove old crops promptly after the final harvest, and keep weeds down.
    • Resistant varieties help only with good hygiene. Collect plastic after the crop.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Tomato guide
    • Core practice
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Harvest

    Pick every 2 to 3 days at the stage the market needs

    Harvest starts about 2.5 to 3 months after planting and gives 10 to 15 pickings.

    Technical detail
    • Distant markets: pick at the green-ripe stage, when the blossom end shows yellow.
    • Nearby markets: pick when the blossom end turns pink or red.
    • Cut with scissors or twist gently to avoid bruising.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Source
    Crop
    Tomato guide

Potato · Kentang

Full potato guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Seed selection

    Use certified seed tubers of a known class

    Seed tubers carry viruses, bacterial wilt and late blight. Certified seed has set disease limits for each class.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesia uses classes G0 to G4. G0 allows 0% virus and 0% bacterial wilt; G4 allows 2% virus and 1% bacterial disease (Mulyono et al. 2017).
    • Certified seed carries a white (G0), purple (G1) or blue (G2) label (Balitsa 2021).
    • Pacific Pests & Pathogens: use certified seed, and source seed potatoes from crops monitored free of bacterial wilt for 2 years.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Potato guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Seed selection

    Plant sprouted, medium-sized tubers

    Well-sprouted, disease-free tubers emerge evenly. Very small tubers from low classes are mainly for seed multiplication.

    Technical detail
    • TNAU: well-sprouted, disease-free tubers of 40 to 50 g.
    • Balitsa grades G1 and G2 seed as large 90 to 120 g, medium 40 to 90 g, small under 40 g (source table partly garbled; verify).
    • Sprouting and emergence need cool conditions of about 12 to 18 C (Balitsa).
    Regions
    Widely applicable · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Potato guide
    • Core practice
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Run beds across the slope, not down it

    On a 40% slope at Tosari (1,725 m), beds running downslope lost about 41 t/ha of soil in one wet season. Contour beds with contour ridges cut this by about a third.

    Technical detail
    • Best treatment: contour-parallel beds alternating with contour ridges, with erosion about 27 t/ha (34% less).
    • Leeks were grown on the contour ridges.
    • For seed fields, Balitsa advises slopes no steeper than 30 degrees.
    Regions
    Indonesia (East Java highlands)
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Potato guide
    • Conventional
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Manure plus split NPK

    Indonesian guides combine heavy manure with NPK split between planting and a top-dressing.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa medium-altitude guide: manure (printed as 2o t/ha, likely 20), urea 100, ZA 215, SP-36 420 and KCl 250 kg/ha before planting; urea 100 and ZA 215 kg/ha at 40 days.
    • Lembang trial: horse manure 30 t/ha plus NPK 16-16-16 at 800 kg/ha, 60% before planting and 40% at 3 weeks.
    • These are rates from individual guides. Adjust to a soil test and local recommendations.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Potato guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil biology
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Solarize, add organic matter and use Trichoderma as part of a package

    Soil-borne diseases build up on intensively cropped highland soils. Solarization and organic inputs are part of Indonesian low-input packages.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa (2021): solarize under white plastic for 2 to 4 weeks until the soil reaches 50 C.
    • The Tosari conservation trial combined reduced fertilizer with organic manure, Trichoderma and IPM.
    • The separate effect of Trichoderma was not reported.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Emerging evidence: early or small-scale evidence
    Sources
    Crop
    Potato guide
    • Conventional
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Tuber bulking

    Protective fungicides before symptoms, rotating groups

    In wet highland seasons, fungicides are applied before symptoms appear, and groups are alternated to slow resistance.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa medium-altitude trial: a two-ingredient product (mancozeb with cymoxanil) at 21, 28 and 35 days, then a contact fungicide (chlorothalonil) weekly to about 93 days.
    • Pacific Pests & Pathogens: protectants such as mancozeb, chlorothalonil or copper, rotated with systemic groups.
    • Use registered products and follow the local label.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Potato guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Maize intercrops, border crops and rotation against bacterial wilt

    Bacterial wilt has no reliable chemical cure. Avoiding infested land, rotation and companion crops reduce it.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa: maize in single rows 60 cm apart, planted two weeks before potato; with a bactericide drench, wilt stayed below 5% at Cianjur (600 m).
    • Balitsa (2021) lists border crops of maize and Tagetes.
    • Pacific Pests & Pathogens: rotate at least 4 years away from solanaceous crops; maize, grasses and rice have worked.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Potato guide
    • Core practice
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Harvest

    Cut haulm before harvest, then dig, sort and cure

    Removing the tops before digging lets skins set. Sorting removes diseased tubers before storage.

    Technical detail
    • Balitsa (2021): cut plants 10 days before harvest; harvest when plants yellow or at 90 to 100 days.
    • Sort out diseased or damaged tubers in the field.
    • UMN Extension: if skins rub off easily, cure in a dark, ventilated place at about 16 to 18 C for 10 days or more.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Potato guide

Mango · Mangga

Full mango guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Planting

    Plant healthy grafted trees in prepared pits

    Grafted trees come true to type and bear earlier than seedlings. Plant at the start of the rainy season into pits filled with organic matter.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian guide: grafted plants at least 30 cm above the graft union (over 100 cm preferred), at least 4 months after grafting, with 2 flushes. Harden them in shade for at least 2 weeks.
    • Pits 60 x 60 x 60 cm in loose soil, 100 x 100 x 100 cm in dry or clay soil. That guide fills each pit with 20 kg organic fertilizer, 100 g NPK 15:15:15 and 250 g dolomite; adjust to a soil test.
    • UF/IFAS: avoid root-bound nursery trees, and plant on a 2 to 3 ft mound if the site can flood.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Mango guide
    • Core practice
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Canopy building

    Train an open, low canopy

    A low, open canopy dries faster after rain, reduces anthracnose and makes bagging and picking easier.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian 1-3-9-27 system: start at 80 to 120 cm height, keep 2 to 3 main branches at wide angles, then 9 secondary and 27 tertiary branches.
    • Maintenance pruning from about 2.5 to 3 years keeps the canopy 2 to 3.5 m tall. Pacific Pests advises keeping trees under about 4 m.
    • UF/IFAS: prune soon after harvest. Severe pruning reduces cropping for one or more seasons.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Mango guide
    • Conventional
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Canopy building

    Feed young and bearing trees in splits

    Increase fertilizer with tree age and split it through the year. Give most before flowering and the rest when fruit is marble sized.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian guide for Arumanis, year 1: 20 kg organic fertilizer, 250 g urea, 100 g SP-36 and 250 g KCl per tree, rising each year.
    • For bearing trees, that guide gives two thirds early and one third when fruit is marble sized, with at least 1 week between organic and mineral fertilizer.
    • UF/IFAS: reduce nitrogen and raise potash on bearing trees. These are rates from single guides; adjust to a soil or leaf test.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Mango guide
    • Conventional
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Pruning & flower induction

    Use paclobutrazol only on healthy, well-sized trees

    Paclobutrazol, applied as a soil drench at the trunk, can give earlier and more even flowering. Dose goes by tree size, not age.

    Technical detail
    • NT Agnote: collar drench mixed in about 1 L of water after harvest; foliar sprays were ineffective. Do not treat weak trees.
    • Wait until trees have a good canopy: about 3 years in high-density blocks and about 5 years at 10 m spacing.
    • Overdosing compacts flowers and shoots. Paclobutrazol can leave soil residues and is not allowed in organic systems. Follow the local label.
    Regions
    Australia · Indonesia · Latin America
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Mango guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Fruit growth & harvest

    Trap fruit flies and bag fruit early

    Lure traps and fruit bags protect fruit without spraying. Collecting fallen fruit breaks the fly life cycle.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian guide: 20 to 25 methyl eugenol or protein bait traps per hectare, set at the same time across the orchard.
    • Bag fruit at 1.5 to 2 cm diameter using UV kraft paper, porous nylon or lined plastic bags.
    • TNAU: remove fruit with dimples or oozing sap and clear fallen fruit. The Indonesian guide buries fallen fruit 40 to 50 cm deep.
    Regions
    Indonesia · India (Tamil Nadu)
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Mango guide
    • Core practice
    • Water
    • Stage: Fruit growth & harvest

    Water during fruit growth, then taper before harvest

    Mature trees need water while fruit sizes, but too much water causes root rot and poor fruit quality.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian guide: 70 to 100 L per tree per week from ping-pong ball size, reduced to 40 L two weeks before harvest, and none in the last week.
    • UF/IFAS: trees 4 years and older need water only in long droughts; overwatering causes decline.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Mango guide
    • Core practice
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Fruit growth & harvest

    Pick mature fruit in cool hours and drain the sap

    Harvest when fruit shoulders fill out, in the early morning or late afternoon, with a stalk left on.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian guide: pick 07.00 to 09.00 or 16.00 to 17.30, leave about 10 cm stalk, and hold the stalk down for about 5 minutes to drain latex.
    • Fruit that sinks in water is mature (TNAU, Kementan).
    • Hot water at 52°C for 5 minutes after harvest reduces anthracnose in storage (Pacific Pests, TNAU).
    Regions
    Indonesia · India (Tamil Nadu) · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Mango guide

Durian · Durian

Full durian guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Planting

    Use labelled grafted plants and mix clones

    Grafted clones bear true to type. Planting more than one clone improves fruit set.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian SPO: labelled grafted or budded plants 0.75 to 1.5 m tall, more than 6 months after budding. Holes 60 x 60 x 60 cm, or 100 x 100 x 100 cm in heavy soil. Keep the bud union above soil and shade for about 3 months.
    • Sarawak: plant a mix of clones with D99 as a pollinator. Listed clones include D24, D99, D123, D168 and local yellow types.
    • ACIAR: graft onto tolerant rootstock where known; resistance sources are not yet fully identified.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Durian guide
    • Conventional
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Canopy building

    Raise fertilizer with tree age, in small frequent doses

    Young trees get small, frequent doses. Rates rise as the trunk and canopy grow, and manure is applied alongside.

    Technical detail
    • Sarawak schedule: at planting 0.2 kg rock phosphate, 0.1 kg dolomite and 5 to 10 kg chicken manure; then compound fertilizer rising from 15:15:15 to 12:12:17:2+TE, and 20 to 40 kg chicken manure per tree per year.
    • Indonesian SPO: apply in a ring trench under the canopy, with organic fertilizer nearer the trunk.
    • These are rates from single guides; adjust to a soil or leaf test.
    Regions
    Malaysia · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Durian guide
    • Core practice
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Canopy building

    Prune for a clear trunk and an open canopy

    Removing low branches and opening the canopy improves airflow and keeps soil splash away from the tree.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian SPO: start pruning at 1 year, keep the main trunk clear to 70 to 100 cm and form the canopy at 2 to 3 m.
    • ACIAR: remove branches within 80 to 100 cm of the ground and plant no more than 80 to 100 trees/ha.
    • Seal large cuts and disinfect tools between trees.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Vietnam · Thailand
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Durian guide
    • Core practice
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Flowering & pollination

    Support pollination at night

    Durian flowers open at night and are pollinated by night-flying animals and wind. Hand pollination can improve fruit set.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian SPO: mix pollen with starch or flour at 3:7 and blow it onto flowers the same night. Store pollen at about 15°C if delayed.
    • Sarawak: a mixed planting of clones is needed to improve fruit set.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia
    Confidence
    Medium confidence: one institutional guide
    Sources
    Crop
    Durian guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Fruit growth

    Check trunks often and treat cankers early

    Patch canker shows as wet, dark bark lesions, often at the change from dry to wet season. Early action limits tree loss.

    Technical detail
    • Scrape lesions back to healthy wood and paint with a copper fungicide such as Bordeaux mixture (ACIAR) or a registered systemic product (Indonesian SPO, Sarawak).
    • Remove and burn badly infected or dead trees and lime the planting spot (TFNet).
    • Harvest fruit from the tree, not the ground, and bury or ferment infected fruit (ACIAR).
    Regions
    Indonesia · Malaysia · Thailand · Vietnam
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Durian guide
    • Core practice
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Harvest

    Choose fallen-fruit or cut harvest to suit the market

    Naturally fallen fruit has the best eating quality but keeps only a few days. Cutting mature fruit gives slower ripening for distant markets.

    Technical detail
    • TFNet: Malaysian growers mostly collect fallen fruit; Thai growers mostly cut at maturity. Fallen fruit keeps 2 to 3 days at 25 to 30°C.
    • Indonesian SPO: tie fruit to a branch about a month before maturity, cut at 80 to 85% maturity about 1.5 cm from the branch, and lower fruit on rope.
    • In a Thai 'Monthong' study, fruit cut at 120 days after anthesis ripened close to tree-ripe quality; fruit cut at 110 days was poorer.
    Regions
    Malaysia · Thailand · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Durian guide

Pineapple · Nanas

Full pineapple guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Land & planting material

    Select, grade and cure planting material

    Uniform, healthy suckers, slips or crowns give an even crop that can be forced at one time. Curing helps prevent butt rot.

    Technical detail
    • Kerala: suckers of 0.5 to 1 kg, shade dried about 7 days, lower leaves removed and cured another 7 days.
    • Guam: grade slips by size and cure butt-up in a dry, airy place for a week or more.
    • Time to harvest depends on material: about 12 months from root suckers, 18 from stem suckers and 24 from crowns (BPTP Riau).
    Regions
    India (Kerala) · Pacific · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Pineapple guide
    • Core practice
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Land & planting material

    Prepare peat without fire and drain it gently

    Burning and heavy machinery damage peat. Drain slowly and only as deep as needed, because over-drained peat shrinks and dries irreversibly.

    Technical detail
    • CIFOR guide (Riau): clear by hand cutting rather than fire or heavy machines.
    • MARDI: rapid or deep initial drainage causes marked shrinkage and subsidence, and over-drying cannot be reversed.
    • A 2022 Malaysian study found peat under pineapple more decomposed than natural peat.
    Regions
    Indonesia (Riau) · Malaysia (Johor)
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Pineapple guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Land & planting material

    Plant on raised beds in double rows

    Raised beds reduce erosion and root and heart rots. Double rows fit more plants while leaving paths for work.

    Technical detail
    • Guam: contoured raised beds, often with black plastic mulch; double rows are the preferred layout.
    • Kerala: trenches about 90 cm wide, double rows 70 x 30 cm, about 40,400 plants/ha, planted 7.5 to 10 cm deep.
    • Riau peat project: 70 cm between plants and 100 cm between rows.
    Regions
    Pacific · India (Kerala) · Indonesia (Riau)
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Pineapple guide
    • Conventional
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Basal manure and split fertilizer, with copper on peat

    Pineapple needs regular nitrogen and potassium. On peat, copper and zinc are often short.

    Technical detail
    • Kerala: 25 t/ha compost or manure basal, all phosphorus at planting, and N and K split through the crop.
    • CIFOR peat guide: about 10 t manure per hectare, then urea with copper sulfate at 2 to 3 months and again at 5 to 6 months.
    • MARDI reports zinc and copper deficiency in pineapple on Malaysian peat. Guam stops feeding at flowering. These are rates from single guides; adjust to a soil test.
    Regions
    Indonesia (Riau) · Malaysia · India (Kerala)
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Pineapple guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Vegetative growth

    Grow pineapple with trees on restored peat

    In Riau, pineapple is grown between timber trees as part of peat restoration. This keeps cover on the land while trees establish.

    Technical detail
    • CIFOR and the Peat Restoration Agency trial in Bengkalis planted pineapple alongside tree planting.
    • The guide notes the practice comes from one project and may need adjusting elsewhere.
    Regions
    Indonesia (Riau)
    Confidence
    Emerging evidence: early or small-scale evidence
    Source
    Crop
    Pineapple guide
    • Core practice
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Harvest & ratoon

    Harvest by eye colour and cut the stalk cleanly

    Pick when the base turns yellow and the eyes flatten. Cut rather than break the stalk, and handle fruit gently.

    Technical detail
    • BPTP Riau: harvest in the morning with a sharp knife; a 0 to 7 colour index guides use, with 3 to 6 suited to canning or local fresh sale.
    • Guam: for market, pick when the lower half to two thirds is yellow.
    • Guam: the first ratoon crop comes 12 to 14 months after the plant crop. The CIFOR peat guide keeps at most 2 suckers per clump.
    Regions
    Indonesia (Riau) · Pacific
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Pineapple guide

Citrus · Jeruk

Full citrus guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Planting material

    Plant only certified, disease-free seedlings

    CVPD and tristeza travel in infected budwood. Buy label-certified seedlings from registered nurseries whose budwood comes from a screened multiplication block.

    Technical detail
    • PTKJS: scion wood must come from a Blok Penggandaan Mata Tempel (BPMT), a budwood block of disease-free mother trees in an insect-proof screenhouse (Balitjestro).
    • IAARD (2016) recommends blue-labelled seed and siting new orchards at least 2 km from endemic areas.
    • Florida likewise requires budwood and nursery production under psyllid-proof cover. Ask the seller where the budwood came from.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Core practice
    • Establishment
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Prepare holes and keep the bud union high

    Plant at the start of the rainy season into prepared holes, with the graft union well above the soil to keep it out of wet soil.

    Technical detail
    • Indonesian guide (1993): holes at least 60 x 60 x 50 cm, sun-dried 2 to 4 weeks, backfilled with manure; stake young trees and mulch with straw.
    • UF/IFAS: plant with the bud union more than about 15 cm (6 inches) above the soil line, with adequate drainage.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Soil biology
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Build organic matter and correct acidity together

    Regular manure feeds soil life and roots, and mixing dolomite into the organic matter corrects acid soils.

    Technical detail
    • PTKJS (one guide): manure about 20 to 40 kg per tree per year for trees 1 to 4 years old and 40 to 60 kg after year 4; below pH 5.5, mix about 1 to 2 kg dolomite per 100 kg organic matter.
    • Indonesian guide (1993): below pH 5 roots struggle; above pH 6 micronutrient deficiencies are common. Straw mulch after planting.
    • UF/IFAS: soil and irrigation water pH around 6.0 to 6.5 supports nutrient availability. Test soil before liming.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Conventional
    • Soil & nutrition
    • Stage: Young tree

    Raise fertilizer with tree age and split doses

    Nutrient needs grow each year. Apply mineral fertilizer in split doses in a ring around the tree, guided by leaf and soil analysis.

    Technical detail
    • PTKJS (one guide): N rises from about 10 to 15 g per tree in year 1 to 250 to 300 g in year 5, using urea, SP-36 and KCl; foliar micronutrients 2 to 4 times during flushing.
    • Indonesian guide (1993): place fertilizer in a ring trench 10 to 20 cm from the trunk and cover it.
    • UF/IFAS: balanced, split applications; do leaf and soil analysis before changing a program. Adjust rates to local tests.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Core practice
    • Crop care
    • Stage: Young tree

    Form the canopy early, then prune after each harvest

    Formative pruning builds a strong, open frame. Maintenance pruning removes dead, diseased and water shoots that harbour pests.

    Technical detail
    • PTKJS: cut the trunk 30 to 40 cm above the base, then keep 3 shoots per branch to build a 1-3-9 frame. After harvest remove fruit stalks, dead or diseased branches and water shoots.
    • Indonesian guide (1993): remove flowers until year 3 to build branches; let fruit set from year 4.
    • Disinfect pruning tools with 70% alcohol or 5% chlorine before and after use (BBP2TP).
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Conventional
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Bearing tree

    Monitor psyllids with yellow traps and treat at flushing

    The Asian citrus psyllid breeds only on new flush. Use traps to decide when to act, and coordinate control with neighbouring growers.

    Technical detail
    • PTKJS: 10 to 12 yellow traps per hectare at mid-canopy, checked every 2 weeks; act when the average exceeds 5 psyllids per trap. Trunk painting with imidacloprid every 2 to 4 weeks spares natural enemies better than spraying.
    • All growers in a production pocket should act together (PTKJS). Pacific Pests advises timing sprays to flushing periods.
    • UF/IFAS: imidacloprid resistance has been detected in Florida; rotate modes of action. Follow the local label.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Biological & regenerative
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Bearing tree

    Conserve psyllid parasitoids and predators

    Parasitoid wasps, ladybirds, hoverflies and insect-killing fungi reduce psyllid numbers, but on their own they do not stop HLB spread.

    Technical detail
    • PTKJS: Tamarixia radiata and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis parasitize psyllid nymphs; the fungus Hirsutella infects them in the rainy season. Conserve ladybirds and hoverflies.
    • Pacific Pests prefers botanical sprays such as neem with soap where sprays are needed.
    • UF/IFAS: Tamarixia, lady beetles and lacewings help, but parasitoids alone have not slowed disease spread.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Pacific · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Bearing tree

    Confirm CVPD, then remove infected trees

    Infected trees cannot be cured and feed bacteria to psyllids. Rule out nutrient deficiency first, then remove infected wood or whole trees.

    Technical detail
    • IAARD (2016): zinc and other deficiencies mimic CVPD. Deficiency tends to show across the orchard in a regular pattern; disease shows in patches. Persistent symptoms on new flush after balanced feeding point to infection.
    • PTKJS: remove branches with sectoral symptoms, or the whole tree and roots if infection is widespread; regrowth from stumps can carry infection.
    • UF/IFAS notes that pruning out symptoms does not succeed in Florida because roots are infected first. Spray infected trees for psyllids before removal.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Core practice
    • Pests & disease
    • Stage: Field establishment

    Manage Phytophthora foot and root rot

    Phytophthora attacks the trunk base and roots in wet soil. Good drainage, a high bud union and dry trunks prevent most damage.

    Technical detail
    • UF/IFAS: avoid overwatering young trees and irrigate early to midday so trunks dry; use tolerant rootstocks when replanting; consider fungicides only after other causes of decline are checked.
    • PTKJS lists phosphorous acid (2 g/L) for foot rot; follow the local label.
    • BBP2TP identifies P. palmivora, P. citrophthora and P. parasitica in Indonesian orchards.
    Regions
    Widely applicable · Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Core practice
    • Water
    • Stage: Bearing tree

    Avoid water stress at flushing, flowering and fruit set

    Water shortage at key stages cuts flowering and fruit set. In Indonesia a dry period after harvest followed by irrigation is used to trigger flowering.

    Technical detail
    • PTKJS: after harvest let the land dry for about 3 months, then irrigate to trigger flowering. Bigger trees and coarser soils need more water.
    • UF/IFAS: HLB-affected trees have smaller root systems; more frequent, smaller irrigations reduce drought stress.
    Regions
    Indonesia · Widely applicable
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
    • Core practice
    • Harvest
    • Stage: Harvest

    Thin fruit, then pick by colour and sweetness

    Thinning gives each fruit enough leaves. Harvest when sweetness and colour are right, in dry weather, cutting the stalk.

    Technical detail
    • PTKJS: at marble size leave 2 to 3 fruits per cluster (about 25 to 50 leaves per fruit); harvest about 8 months after flowering at 10 °Brix or more and about 50% yellow peel, using shears and a ladder.
    • Indonesian guide (1993): pick in the morning after dew dries, cutting stalks 1 to 2 cm from the fruit. Early picking gives sour fruit; late picking gives spongy fruit.
    Regions
    Indonesia
    Confidence
    High confidence: several institutional sources agree
    Sources
    Crop
    Citrus guide
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